Журнал «Медицина неотложных состояний» Том 17, №5, 2021
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Періопераційна аналгезія у пацієнтів з ожирінням
Авторы: Воротинцев С.І.
Запорізький державний медичний університет, м. Запоріжжя, Україна
Рубрики: Медицина неотложных состояний
Разделы: Справочник специалиста
Версия для печати
Ожиріння та, зокрема, морбідне ожиріння (МО) набувають дедалі більшого поширення в усьому світі. МО пов’язане із зміненою фізіологією організму та збільшенням супутніх захворювань, що може зробити особливо тяжким управління періопераційним болем у таких пацієнтів. З урахуванням більшої частоти респіраторних розладів традиційне опіоїд-орієнтоване лікування болю у пацієнтів з МО може призвести до вентиляційних порушень та збільшення захворюваності та/або смертності. Мультимодальні стратегії знеболювання, засновані на поетапному, відповідно до ступеня тяжкості болю, опіоїд-зберігаючому підході, можуть покращити безпеку пацієнтів та результати лікування. Подальший прогрес у розумінні механізмів утворення гострого болю змушує лікарів активно виявляти та лікувати як ноцицептивні, так і проноцицептивні його компоненти (гіпералгезію тощо). Такі протоколи мультимодальної аналгезії слід стандартизувати та впроваджувати в періопераційну допомогу пацієнтам з МО. На додаток до стандартизації лікування післяопераційного болю, незалежно від застосованого режиму анестезії та аналгезії, деяким пацієнтам з МО необхідний розширений респіраторний моніторинг для запобігання можливим побічним явищам з боку дихальних шляхів. У цьому огляді коротко описані фізіологічні зміни при ожирінні, патофізіологія болю та засноване на доказах клінічне оновлення щодо лікування болю при МО. Також обговорюється роль опіоїд-зберігаючих фармакологічних ад’ювантів, висвітлюються майбутні напрями досліджень в галузі управління періопераційним болем у пацієнтів з МО.
Obesity in general and morbid obesity (MO) in particular are becoming more common around the world. MO is associated with altered physiology of the body and increased number of comorbidities, which can make perioperative pain control particularly difficult in such patients. Given the higher incidence of respiratory disorders, traditional opioid-oriented treatment of pain in patients with MO can often lead to ventilation disorders and increased morbidity and/or mortality. Multimodal analgesia strategies based on a step-by-step, according to the pain severity, opioid-sparing approach can improve patient safety and treatment outcomes. Further progress in understanding the mechanisms of acute pain forces doctors to actively detect and treat both its nociceptive and pro-nociceptive components (hyperalgesia, etc.). Such multimodal analgesia protocols should be standardized and implemented in perioperative care of patients with MO. In addition to standardizing the treatment of postoperative pain, regardless of used regimen of anesthesia and analgesia, some patients with MO require enhanced respiratory monitoring to prevent possible airway side effects. This review briefly describes the physiological changes in obese patients, the pathophysiology of pain, and the evidence-based clinical updates for pain management in MO. Also, the role of opioid-sparing pharmacological adjuvants is discussed and future directions of research in the field of perioperative pain management in patients with MO are highlighted.
ожиріння, морбідне ожиріння, періопераційна аналгезія; огляд
obesity; morbid obesity; perioperative analgesia; review
Вступ
Патофізіологія болю
Періопераційний менеджмент болю при морбідному ожирінні
Техніки регіонарної анестезії/аналгезії
Післяопераційне знеболювання
Висновки
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